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A message sent by means of an information carrier will be called a signal. In the general case, continuous and discrete signals are physical processes that change over time. Such processes may contain different characteristics. The one that is used to represent messages is called the signal parameter...

Cybernetics as a management science does not study all systems in general, but only managed systems. But the field of interests and applications of cybernetics extends to a wide variety of biological, economic, social systems. The system is an extremely wide, initial, not strictly defined concept. It is assumed that the system has a structure, i.e. consists of relatively isolated parts (elements)...

Grammar of programming languages consists of a description of their alphabets. The alphabet of any language consists of a fixed set of symbols that are uniquely interpreted. The alphabet of programming languages, as a rule, is connected with the letters of the keyboard of a typewriter. Keyboards of personal computers are close to them by the presence...

One of the most revolutionary ideas that led to the creation of automatic digital computing machines, was expressed in the twenties of the 19th century by C. Babbage, the idea of pre-recording the order of the machine's actions - program...

The development of computer technology began with the automation of performing arithmetic operations. The field of computational mathematics, associated with analytic transformations, is called computer algebra. For these purposes, special systems of analytical transformations have been created and are developing, for example, the universal Reduce system...

Abstract data types are data types that are considered regardless of how they are represented or implemented by programming language. Like ordinary data types, abstract data types are defined by a set of values and a set of operations that can be performed on values of a given type...