Cybernetics

The word "cybernetics" comes from the Greek word meaning "helmsman". Its modern significance is connected with the scientific field, the beginning of which was laid by the book of the American scientist Norbert Wiener "Cybernetics or control and communication in an animal and a machine", published in 1948. Soon the subject of a new science were not only biological and technical systems, but systems of any nature , able to perceive, store and process information and use it for management and regulation. In the "Encyclopedia of Cybernetics", published in 1947, it is said that "... the science of the general laws of obtaining, storing, transmitting and transforming information in complex management systems.With this, the management systems here mean not only technical, but also any biological, administrative and social systems". Thus, cybernetics and computer science are, most likely, a unified science.

The term "cybernetics" was originally introduced into the scientific revolution by Amper, who in his fundamental work "The Experience of the Philosophy of Sciences" (1834-1843) defined cybernetics as the science of governing the state, which should provide citizens with a variety of benefits.

Today, cybernetics is increasingly considered to be part of computer science, its "higher" section, somewhat analogous to the position of "higher mathematics" in relation to all mathematics in general (approximately in the same position in relation to computer science is the science of "Artificial Intelligence"). Informatics as a whole is wider than cybernetics, since in informatics there are aspects related to architecture and programming computer, which can not be attributed directly to cybernetics.

Cybernetic sections of computer science are rich in approaches and models in a study of a variety of systems and use as apparatus many sections of fundamental and applied mathematics.

The study of operations is considered a classical and to a certain extent an independent section of cybernetics. This term is understood as the use of mathematical methods to justify decisions in various areas of purposeful human activity.

Cybernetics has another classic section - pattern recognition, which arose from the problem of modeling in technical systems of human perception of signs, objects and speech, as well as the formation of concepts in human beings (training in the simplest, technical sense). This section largely arose from the technical needs of robotics. For example, it is required that the robot-collector should recognize the necessary details. Automatic sorting (or rejection) of parts requires the ability to recognize.

Cybernetics (and all computer science as a whole) has a section devoted to the problems of artificial intelligence. Most modern control systems have the property of decision-making - the property of intellectuality, i.e., they modeled the intellectual activity of a person in making decisions.

Cybernetics in biology is the study of cybernetic systems in biological organisms, primarily focusing on how animals adapt to their environment, and how information in the form of genes is passed on from generation to generation. There is also a second direction - cyborgs.