UNIX and Linux
In the 60-years the last century, the employee of the Well Labs laboratory Ken Thompson wrote in the assembler an operating system, jokingly called UNICS (UNIPLEX Information and Computing Service). So the history of the operating system UNIX began. However, for each new machine to rewrite the entire system in assembler anew is difficult. Therefore, it was decided to rewrite UNIX in a high-level language. To this end, Thompson's colleague Ritchie developed the programming language C, and together with Thompson they rewrote UNIX on C.
Version 7 was the first portable version of the UNIX operating system on other platforms, on which a whole generation of students contributed to its spread. Many companies even purchased source licenses to produce their versions of the UNIX system. One such was a small firm, Microsoft, for several years selling Version 7 under the name HENIX.
By the end of the 1980s, an attempt was made to combine the UNIX system variants so that it could be guaranteed to run on any machine. The new operating system was called ŠOSIÕ (Šīrtable Īšårating System - portable operating system). In addition, a standard, known as 1003,1, was developed. It defines the set of library procedures that each UNIX-compliant system must provide, thus ensuring that this program will run on any version of the system that supports this standard.
In 1991, Linus Torvalds wrote another clone of the UNIX system, which he called Linux. She borrowed some ideas from the UNIX system, starting with the structure of the source tree and ending with the structure of the file system. However, Linux was a monolithic system, i.e. the entire operating system was located in the kernel. Linux quickly grew in size and subsequently evolved into a full-fledged UNIX clone with virtual memory, a more complex file system and many other added functions.
In 1994, a new version of Linux version 1,0 appeared. It included a new file system, mapping files to the memory address space and compatible with UNIX network software. The Linux 1,0 version also included many new device drivers, and a lot of UNIX software was transferred to it, which greatly increased the usefulness of this system. In addition, the Linux operating system attracted a large number of people who began work on improving it.
Version 2,0 of Linux, was released in 1996 and included support for 64-bit architecture, symmetric multitasking, new network protocols and other numerous functions. The version of Linux 2.0 contained a huge collection of different device drivers.
In conclusion, it should be mentioned that the Linux operating system is free software. It can be downloaded from various Internet sites. The Linux system comes with a license developed by Richard Stallman, the founder of the Free Software Foundation.
